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A cylinder is a body of uniform diameter throughout its entire length, whose ends are equal parallel circles.

Cylinder

A cylinder is a body of uniform diameter throughout its entire length, whose ends are equal parallel…

Druidical Architecture

Circles of unwrought upright stones, known as Druidical temples.

"The pointer is the off-spring of the fox-hound and spaniel, and presents a remarkable instance of a native instinct directed to the use of man. Nothing can be more admirable than to see a pointer sweep the field in circles, and when detected the game by his strong powers of scent." —Goodrich, 1885

Pointer

"The pointer is the off-spring of the fox-hound and spaniel, and presents a remarkable instance of a…

A circle divided evenly by a dotted line.

Divided Circle

A circle divided evenly by a dotted line.

"An arrangement of rings, all circles of a single sphere, intended to show the relative positions of the principal celestial circles."-Whitney, 1902

Armillary Sphere

"An arrangement of rings, all circles of a single sphere, intended to show the relative positions of…

"Their tentacles, which are disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some f the most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marygold, and anemone. They are of various sizes, from that of the smallest thimble to the largest apple; and have considerable power of locomotion, being able not only to move along upon the base, but also in a reversed position upon their entacles." — Goodrich, 1859

Sea-anemone

"Their tentacles, which are disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively…

"Their tentacles, which are disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some f the most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marygold, and anemone. They are of various sizes, from that of the smallest thimble to the largest apple; and have considerable power of locomotion, being able not only to move along upon the base, but also in a reversed position upon their entacles." — Goodrich, 1859

Mouth of the sea-anemone

"Their tentacles, which are disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively…

"The Furies are generally represented with a scourge, with which to punish the wicked in Tartarus. It probably was supposed to resemble the whip used for punishing slaves, which was a dreaedful instrument, knotted with bones or heavy indented circles of bronze, or terminated by hooks, in which latter case it was aptly denominated a scorpion." — Anthon, 1891

Scourge

"The Furies are generally represented with a scourge, with which to punish the wicked in Tartarus. It…

"Raise the arm vertically to its full extent and describe horizontal circles." — Moss, 1914

Assemble, March

"Raise the arm vertically to its full extent and describe horizontal circles." — Moss, 1914

"Extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon leader; describe small circles with the hand." — Moss, 1914

Hand signal

"Extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon leader; describe small circles with the hand." —…

The contours of a cone are circles of different sizes, one within another, and the same distance apart, because the slope is at all points the same." — Moss, 1914

Contours of a cone

The contours of a cone are circles of different sizes, one within another, and the same distance apart,…

"The contours of a half sphere are a series of circles, far apart near the center (top) and near together at the outside (bottom), showing that the slope of a hemisphere varies at all points, being nearly flat on top and increasing in steepness near bottom." — Moss, 1914

Contours of a half sphere

"The contours of a half sphere are a series of circles, far apart near the center (top) and near together…

A polished agate rock with concentric circles.

Polished Agate

A polished agate rock with concentric circles.

Circles

A line of interlocking circles.

A protractor is used to measure angles of circles and triangles.

Protractor

A protractor is used to measure angles of circles and triangles.

A roman moulding, called a <em>Scotia.</em> It consists of two quarter circles one of which has a radius equal to twice the radius of the other. The centers of both arcs must be on the same horizontal line. It is generally applied in the bases of columns.

Scotia

A roman moulding, called a Scotia. It consists of two quarter circles one of which has a radius…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cyma Recta.</em> It is a moulding of double curvature and two fillets. The curve is composed of quarter-circles; the upper or concave portion of the has its center without, while the lower curve has its center within the moulding. Both centers are on the same horizontal line. This moulding is frequently called an <em>Ogee</em>.

Cyma Recta

A roman moulding, called a Cyma Recta. It is a moulding of double curvature and two fillets.…

A roman moulding, called a <em>Cyma Reversa.</em> This like the cyma recta, is composed of two quarter circles and an upper and lower fillet. It is distinguished from the former by having its convex part above and the concave part below a horizontal center line.

Cyma Reversa

A roman moulding, called a Cyma Reversa. This like the cyma recta, is composed of two quarter…

"Diagram of a slice across the spinal cord, showing the roots of a spinal nerve to the arm on the left. The arrows show which way the messages travel. The little circles are the cut ends of fibers extending up and down the cord. Only a few of the thousands of fibers really present are here shown." —Davison, 1910

Section of Spinal Cord

"Diagram of a slice across the spinal cord, showing the roots of a spinal nerve to the arm on the left.…

This illustration shows a rock made up of rounded concretions, having a concentric structure.

Concretionary Structure

This illustration shows a rock made up of rounded concretions, having a concentric structure.

"Compact bone consists of a series of concentric layers of bone disposed around a canal called the Haversian canal which affords passage for the blood-vessels." — Richardson, 1906

Compact Bone

"Compact bone consists of a series of concentric layers of bone disposed around a canal called the Haversian…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." — Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." — Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." — Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil and pen point are provided, either of which may be inserted into a socket in one leg of the instrument, for the drawing of circles in pencil or ink." — Hallock, 1905

Compasses

"The compasses, next to the T square and triangles, are used more than any other instrument. A pencil…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." — Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly perpendicular to the board as possible, bearing lightly against the T square or triangle, along the edge of which the line is drawn. After a little practice, this position will become natural, and no difficulty will be experienced." — Hallock, 1905

Ruling Pen

"For drawing ink lines other than arcs of circles, the ruling pen is used. It should be held as nearly…

Irregular Curves

"Curves other than arcs of circles are drawn with the pencil or ruling pen by means of curved or irregular-shaped…

"A genus of spiders, the type of a family called Epeirdae. They are of those spiders which have only a pair of pulmonary sacs and spiracles; construct webs with regular meshes, formed by concentric circles and straight radii; and are furnished with a pair of almost contiguous eyes on each side; other four eyes forming a quadrangle in the center." — Chambers, 1881

Epeira Diadema

"A genus of spiders, the type of a family called Epeirdae. They are of those spiders which have only…

"An American machine, introduced into England by Mr. Ellis. It consists of an iron cylindrical casing A, open about a fourth part of its circumference (a to b) for admission of air, and an exit pipe B. Inside the casing is another cylinder, placed eccentrically to it, and which always fits close up against the wooden packing C. This cylinder acts as a driver for the three fan blades or pistons D, which are capable of passing out and in through longitudinal slits in its circumference. There is a shaft passing through the small cylinder, and concentric with it at the ends, but cranked in the middle part so as to become concentric with the casing. The inner cylinder revolves round the axis of the ends of the shaft, and on the cranked part revolve the fan blades or pistons, driven by the cylinder." — Encyclopedia Britanica, 1893

Blowing-Machine

"An American machine, introduced into England by Mr. Ellis. It consists of an iron cylindrical casing…

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied to them about a century ago by Ellis, one of the most celebrated investigators of the department of natural history to which they belong, who remarks that 'their tentacles, being disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some of our most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marigold, and anemone.'" — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Anemone

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied…

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied to them about a century ago by Ellis, one of the most celebrated investigators of the department of natural history to which they belong, who remarks that 'their tentacles, being disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some of our most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marigold, and anemone.'" — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Anemone

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied…

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied to them about a century ago by Ellis, one of the most celebrated investigators of the department of natural history to which they belong, who remarks that 'their tentacles, being disposed in regular circles, and tinged with a variety of bright lively colors, very nearly represent the beautiful petals of some of our most elegantly fringed and radiated flowers, such as the carnation, marigold, and anemone.'" — Chambers' Encyclopedia, 1875

Anemone

"A popular name of the species of actinia and some other Actiniadae. It seems to have been first applied…

"The Earth, whose diameter is 7,912 miles, is represented by the globe, or sphere. The straight line passing through its center, and about which it turns, is called its axis, and the two extremities of the axis are the poles of the Earth, A being the north pole, and B the south pole. The line C D, crossing the axis, passes quite round the Earth, and divides it into two equal parts. This is called the equinoctial line, or the equator. That part of the Earth situated north of this line, is caled the northern hemisphere, and that part south of it, the southern hemisphere. The small circles E F and G H, surrounding or including the poles, are called the polar circles." —Comstock, 1850

Earth Divisions

"The Earth, whose diameter is 7,912 miles, is represented by the globe, or sphere. The straight line…

"Let S be the Sun, E the Earth, and A, B, C, D, F, the Moon in different parts of her orbit. Now when the Moon changes, or is in conjunction with the Sun, as at A, her dark side is turned towards the Earth, and she is invisible, as represented at a. The Sun always shines on one half of the Moon, in every direction, as represented at A and B, on the inner circle; but we at the Earth can see only such portions of the enlightened part as are turned towards us. After her change, when she has moved from A to B, a small part of her illuminated side comes in sight, and she appears horned, as at b, and is then called the new Moon. When she arrives at C, severel days afterwards, one half of her disc is visible, and she appears as at c, her appearance being the same in both circles. At this point she is said to be in her first quarter, because she has passed through a quarter of her orbit, and is 90 degrees from the place of her conjunction with the Sun. At D, she shows us still more of her enlightened side, and is then said to appear gibbous as at d. When she comes to F, her whole enlightened side is turned towards the Earth, and she appears in all the spendor of a full Moon." —Comstock, 1850

Moon Phases

"Let S be the Sun, E the Earth, and A, B, C, D, F, the Moon in different parts of her orbit. Now when…

"The circles for position angle and declination are read by micrometer microscopes illuminated by the lamp L; the scales are illuminated by the lamp l. T is part of the tube proper and turns with the head. The tube V, on the contrary, is attached to the cradle, and merely forms a support for the finder Q, the handles at f and p, and the moving ring P. The latter gives quick motion in position angle; the handles a p clamp and give slow motion in position angle, those at f clamp and give slow motion in right ascension and declination." —The Encyclopedia Britannica, 1903

Micrometer

"The circles for position angle and declination are read by micrometer microscopes illuminated by the…

A Great Circle is one which would be formed on the earth's surface by a plane passing through the earth's centre, hence dividing it into two equal parts. All great circles, therefore, divide the earth into two hemispheres.

Great Circle

A Great Circle is one which would be formed on the earth's surface by a plane passing through the earth's…

A small circle is one formed by a plane which does not cut the earth into two equal parts. The small circles are the <em>parallels</em>.

Small Circle

A small circle is one formed by a plane which does not cut the earth into two equal parts. The small…

The Meridian of any given place is that half of the meridian circle which passes through that place and both poles. A meridian of any place reaches from that place to both poles, and therefore is equal to one-half of a great circle, and, with the meridian directly opposite to it, forms a great circle called a meridian circle. There are as many meridians as there are places on the equator or on any parallel. Parallels are small circles which pass around the earth parallel to the equator.

Meridians and Parallels

The Meridian of any given place is that half of the meridian circle which passes through that place…

Concentric layers, similar to those of an onion, will be noticed, arranged around a central nucleus, sometimes of ice and sometimes of snow, through generally the latter. The stones are more or less oblately spheroidal in shape. Their general weight varies from a few grains to several ounces, but they have been known to way several pounds.

Structure of a Hailstone

Concentric layers, similar to those of an onion, will be noticed, arranged around a central nucleus,…

Diagram of flower of Trillium. In this, as in all such diagrams of cross-section of blossoms, the parts of the outer circle represent the calyx; the next, corolla; within, stames (here in two circles of three each, and the cross-section is through the anthers); in the centre, section of three ovaries joined into a compound one of three cells.

Trillium

Diagram of flower of Trillium. In this, as in all such diagrams of cross-section of blossoms, the parts…

Whirligig Beetle Larva

The whirligig beetles are a family (Gyrinidae) of water beetles that normally live on the surface of…

Conjugate diameters perpendicular to each other are called, axes, and the points where they cut the curve vertices of the conic.

Conic Axes

Conjugate diameters perpendicular to each other are called, axes, and the points where they cut the…

Given any three circles, the common chords meet at one point.

Radical Center of 3 Circles

Given any three circles, the common chords meet at one point.

The magic circle of circles, first developed by Benjamin Franklin, consists of eight annular rings and a central circle, each ring being divided into eight cells by radii drawn from the centre; there are therefore 65 cells. The number 12 is placed in he center and the consecutive numbers 13 to 75 are placed in the other cells. The properties are: 1) sum of eight numbers in any ring with 2 equals 360, 2) sum of eight numbers in any set of radial rings with 12 is 360, 3) sum of numbers in any four adjoining cells is 180.

Magic Circle of Circles

The magic circle of circles, first developed by Benjamin Franklin, consists of eight annular rings and…

Three suspended concentric circles free to move independently of each other at right angles.

Gyroscope

Three suspended concentric circles free to move independently of each other at right angles.

Possible forms of the invariable cone by means of the intersections with a concentric spherical surface.

Invariable Cone

Possible forms of the invariable cone by means of the intersections with a concentric spherical surface.

Pair of circular pulleys connected b a cord, showing the range of motion as arcs

Pulley

Pair of circular pulleys connected b a cord, showing the range of motion as arcs

Two arrangements of pulley: crossed belt and uncrossed belt. The pulleys are constructed with two circles that have the radii labeled and tangent lines drawn (strings).

Pulley

Two arrangements of pulley: crossed belt and uncrossed belt. The pulleys are constructed with two circles…

Theory of static equilibrium of mechanism, illustrated b Sir A.B.W. Kennedy.

Wheel Mechanism

Theory of static equilibrium of mechanism, illustrated b Sir A.B.W. Kennedy.

The use of a compass in drawing perfect circles

Compass Use

The use of a compass in drawing perfect circles

Dividers

Hairspring dividers are for creating bisectors of circles. They are similar to a compass, but with two…

Dotted lines can indicate a relationship among figures, such as one inside another.

Drawing Lines 1

Dotted lines can indicate a relationship among figures, such as one inside another.

Shading of the right and lower sides gives dimension to drawings.

Drawing Lines 2

Shading of the right and lower sides gives dimension to drawings.

Circles should be unshaded or shaded evenly with thick and thin lines, changing at about 45 degrees.

Drawing Lines 4

Circles should be unshaded or shaded evenly with thick and thin lines, changing at about 45 degrees.

Draftsman's method to draw a line tangent to two given circles

Tangent To Two Circles

Draftsman's method to draw a line tangent to two given circles

Six equal circles tangent to each other and to the sides of the triangle

Circle Triangle Tangents

Six equal circles tangent to each other and to the sides of the triangle

Equal circles inside and tangent to the outside circle, also tangent to each other

Circle to Circle Tangents

Equal circles inside and tangent to the outside circle, also tangent to each other